Fig 2: Schematic illustration of the current mechanism of deoxynivalenol (DON)-mediated pyroptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome in the small intestine epithelial cells. DON induces the accumulation of ROS and the activation of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), inflammasome complex, and Gasdermin D (GSDMD), resulting in pyroptosis.

Fig 3: Deoxynivalenol (DON) treatment affected the protein expression levels of TXNIP, inflammasomes, and pro-inflammatory cytokine. (A) Protein expression level of TXNIP was evaluated by Western blotting assay. (B) Protein expression levels of inflammasomes (NLRP3, ASC, and CASP1) were evaluated using Western blotting assay. (C) Protein expression level of IL-18 was evaluated by Western blotting assay. The protein levels were normalized by ß-actin. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of analysis performed in triplicate; a representative example of the Western blotting image is shown. * p < 0.05.